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August 8: National Frozen Custard Day: --
An annual invitationo to everyone to indulge in this delightfully
rich and creamy dessert, National Frozen Custard Day urges you to
treat yourself to a scoop (or two) from your favorite local shop,
or to try making it at home, or to share your sweet moments
online. The idea of custard is not new, rather fairly ancient. The
idea of cooking milk with eggs to make it thick dates back to at
least the Romance times and it's even mentioned in Apicius.
Probably, it could be even older than that. Later In the 17th
century, fruit creams started gaining popularity and custards
began to be made as individual dishes or bowls instead of just
fillings or crust. While custard is quite similar to ice cream,
the United States Food and Drug Administration mandates that
frozen custard products must contain at least 10% of milk fat and
1.4% egg yolk solids. It was in 1919, that the frozen custard was
invented in Coney Island, New York. Two ice cream vendors by the
names of Archie and Elton Kohr realized that when they added egg
yolks to ice cream, it resulted in a product that was smoother in
texture and helped the ice cream stay cold for a longer duration
which was perfect for hot summer afternoons. During the first
weekend of them selling frozen custard, they ended up selling
18,640 cones on the boardwalk itself. Frozen custard started
gaining immense popularity throughout the Midwest and Milwaukee,
Wisconsin, actually came to be known as the "unofficial
frozen custard capital of the world." Frozen Custard Day
falls right during the summer months, making it the perfect
dessert to enjoy to beat the heat. It is so simple to prepare and
it is even easily available in local stores. So on this day, grab
a bowl of frozen custard and bask in the glory of a sweet haven.
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August 8: National Mochi Day: -- A day
that pays tribute to the bulbous, glutinous orbs of joy that are
mochi cakes! This traditional Japanese cake has won the hearts of
many around the world with its sticky, powdery texture and sweet
taste. Mochi comes in different types and sizes and can be
combined with other sweets such as ice cream, making it a
delectable treat perfect to cap off a nice meal. National Mochi
Day was announced in 2021 by Hawaiian mochi business Mochi Mochi
Wagashi as a day to celebrate all the wonders of mochi. The humble
mochi's origins date back to ancient history. It is recognized
that the Japanese started making their own mochi after they
started growing their own rice in the Jomon period between 14,000
B.C. and 300 B.C. During the Kofun period in the 6th century, the
production of homemade mochi increased as earthenware steamers
became available in almost every household. In the Heian period
(794 to 1185), mochi was used and eaten in ceremonial events,
'shinto,' such as marriage and childbirth, and became a
traditional Japanese New Year treat. Mochi holds great
significance in Japan particularly during the New year season as
different varieties are consumed as symbols of luck. One of them
is the 'zoni' soup, which is a soup containing mochi pieces and
various other vegetables. Another is the 'kagami mochi', consumed
during the 'kagami biraki' ritual. Prevalent in Japan as a
cultural symbol, mochi comes in a large variety of forms and can
be prepared differently according to different regions. The types
of mochi include the round, familiar 'marumochi,' the square
'kakumochi,' and the 'sakuramochi,' which is a pink mochi wrapped
in a pickled 'sakura' (cherry blossom) leaf. Some types of mochi
are consumed during specific occasions in Japan. For example,
'kashiwamochi', a mochi wrapped in a 'kashiwa' (oak) leaf, is a
traditional treat eaten during Children's Day on May 5, while
'sakuramochi' is eaten to symbolize the start of spring.
Meanwhile, 'kakumochi' is a traditional Japanese household winter
treat, which is heated and eaten wrapped in a piece of 'nori'
(seaweed) and dipped in soy sauce. Present types of mochi
available on sale today are commonly filled with a variety of
pastes such as 'azuki' (red bean), 'matcha' (green tea), black
sesame, taro, and even vanilla. Other iterations also include
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August 8: International Cat Day (World
Cat Day): -- a day to celebrate one of man's most common and
ancient pets. They have even been worshiped as gods (we see you,
Egypt.) Well, it is not surprising, Cats are one of the coolest
beings on the planet: they are independent, inquisitive,
adventurous, have an amazing physiognomy, and the power to heal by
themselves - at least most of the time. Cats are carnivorous small
furry mammals - for the most part - with four legs, a tail, and
claws, that humans have domesticated as pets since ancient times,
even though they have descended from the African Wildcat and they
used to catch vermin. The first historical human record about cats
could be found in Ancient Egyptian Civilization's culture. We all
seem to relate cats with Egyptians, because of their adoration and
consideration of cats as gods. Mafdet was the first known cat
deity and was regarded as the protector against snakes, scorpions,
and evil during the First Dynasty, so for them, cats were not just
deities, but also protectors. Later, after the Egyptian Dynasty
collapsed, Cats became popular everywhere! Greeks and Romans used
them as pest control, and in the East, cats were originally owned
by rich and wealthy people. But during the Middle Ages, in Europe,
Cats became associated with superstition and suspected of carrying
the disease during the Black Death of 1348, that is the reason why
too many cats got killed in that era, and it wasn't until the
1600s that cats' reputation started to recover. In America, cats
were part of the cargo on the colonization ships to minimize
vermin and disease, so those cats went ashore and flourished.
Nowadays, cats seem to be one of the pop icons in modern society -
we have about half of a billion among us. And, since 2002, thanks
to the "International Fund for Animal Welfare" cats have
their own holiday! Effective since August 3, 2020, the leading cat
welfare charity, International Cat Care, became the custodians of
International Cat Day. Since 1958, they've challenged cruelty,
ignorance, and misunderstanding to affect positive change in the
lives of cats. With an estimated global population of 600 million
cats, half of which are thought to be unowned, their work has
never been more important. To learn more about the charity, visit
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August 8: National Tarantula Appreciation
Day: -- On this day, tarantulas get the center stage and take the
spotlight. This day aims to prove one thing: tarantulas aren't
scary at all! These beautiful, elegant, and hairy spider creatures
are often misunderstood. While they can look quite intimidating,
they're quite gentle. What's more, they symbolized power and
control. These attributes are inspiring to other people as they
find their purpose in life with self-confidence, authority, and
assuredness. Learn more about the ways you can celebrate National
Tarantula Appreciation Day! Tarantulas have long existed on Earth
for almost 120 million years. Known as the mother of the spider
species, the first trace of tarantulas has been discovered by
historians in the Americas. But it wasn't until 108 million years
ago when spiders, the ancestors of tarantulas, began existing in
Africa. These are the species that are most common today and
widely exist in every corner of the planet. About 108 million
years ago, tarantulas established their presence in India in two
lineages: one lineage is known as the tree-dwellers, and the other
one existed in the burrows. When a tectonic shift separated India
from Madagascar 95 million years ago, the existence of tarantula
slowly spread out in Asia. After this wave, spiders quickly filled
in ecological spaces as they found their survival niche. Since
Asia is a vast, subtropical continent, this species evolved and
adapted through different habitat and climate conditions. The
spider's endemic family started to rise, including
Ornithoctoninae, Thrigmopoeinae, and Poecilotheriinae. Today, Asia
is a host of thousands of spider species. Tarantulas later became
a literary and mythological symbol. In the eighth century A.D.,
the Roman poet Ovid wrote a poem called "Metamorphoses"
which tells the story of Arachne's transformation into a
tarantula. This was retold by Dante Aligheri in 1308 in his
'Divine Comedy, Purgatorio.' However, the bad reputation of
tarantulas existed after Swiss novelist Jeremiag Gotthelf wrote
"The Black Spider," an allegorical novel that depicts
spiders as the devil's evil works. But in 1952, E.B. White
redeemed the image of the spiders in the literary world after
writing the children's novel "Charlotte's Web" which
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Classic Family Values Films 1934-1957 DVD, Video Download, USB
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August 8: Wear Your Mom's Jewelry Day: --
This day is about taking your mother's heirlooms, dusting them
off, and proudly wearing them. Whether it's a necklace, a ring, or
an earring, celebrating your mother's legacy is highlighted
through these fashion pieces. Just like everyone's love for their
mothers, these precious gems symbolize the invaluable love for our
mothers. Whether they're still living or have passed away, these
priceless possessions are a stamp of honoring their memory and the
sacrifices they made to raise us. Learn more about the ways you
can celebrate Mom's Jewelry Day. Wear Your Mother's Jewelry Day
was founded by Barbara J. Feldman, who started this holiday on her
mom's birthday. When her mother was diagnosed with dementia, she
immediately realized how important memories are and how priceless
time is. As her mother's condition continued to worsen, the line
that connects between her and her mother's memory solely relies on
physical mementos. Her mom was a fashionista and a jewelry lover.
One of her mother's prized possessions was this jewelry box she
held dearly. Her mom collected jewelry from all over making each
piece unique and deeply memorable. By the time Barbara's mom
passed away on February 25, 2017, taking care of her heirlooms
became her way of coping. She regularly cleaned, repaired, and
fixed each piece as a symbol of her mother's undying love. Barbara
did not just make it a solo project; she also shared it with other
people. These acts also became ways of coping for her daughters,
sister, and niece. For them, it's not about the monetary value of
these pieces of jewelry - it's the memory they hold. Barbara made
it her life mission to celebrate the connections we have with our
mothers who have passed through these tangible mementos. She
started this holiday as a way to immortalize the colorful life of
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August 8: National Happiness Happens Day:
-- Smile on August 8th to share in the experience! On this day
each year just let it happen. You know. Happiness. Because
happiness happens. The day encourages happiness all day. Recognize
every moment of glee, joy, delight, and pleasure. Don't let it
pass. Most importantly, a flicker of a giggle should be given its
due, and should it blossom into full-blown happiness, don't be
surprised. It happens! As Ralph Waldo Emerson said, "For
every minute you are angry you lose sixty seconds of happiness."
Another element of the day prohibits the squashing of other
people's happiness. From time to time, we might find other's
happiness might seem irritating. Those moments happen when we have
particularly rotten days. However, our bad days don't give us the
right to squash another person's joy. Instead, allow their delight
in the day to infect us. Perhaps, their ability to smile will blow
the storm clouds away from your day. To observe National Happiness
Happens Day: Share your happiness and seek ways to infuse
happiness in your life. Make it happen! And use
#HappinessHappensDay to post on social media and let others know
to do the same! In 1999, the Secret Society of Happy People
created Admit You're Happy Day. It eventually evolved into
Happiness Happens Day, a day created to celebrate the expression
of happiness. August 8th was chosen as it is the anniversary of
the first membership in 1998. The Secret Society of Happy People
is an organization that was founded in August of 1998 and formed
to celebrate the expression of happiness. The society encourages
members to recognize their happy moments and think about happiness
in their daily life. They have two motto's which include
"Happiness Happens" and "Don't Even Think of
Raining on My Parade." Their purpose is to stimulate people's
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August 8: International Allyship Day: --
This holiday dedicates the day to celebrating and promoting the
power of allyship across the globe. On this unique day, we come
together to recognize the importance of standing up for one
another, fostering inclusivity, and building bridges of support
and understanding. Dictionary.com defines allyship as the status
or role of a person who advocates and actively works for the
inclusion of a marginalized or politicized group in all areas of
society, not as a member of that group but in solidarity with its
struggle and point of view and under its leadership: Genuine
allyship does not come with special recognition - we do not get
awards for confronting issues people have to live with every day.
International Allyship Day is a holiday founded in 2023 to
celebrate the incredible strength in unity. It is a day to embrace
diversity, celebrate differences, and foster a sense of belonging
for everyone! This holiday encourages communities to show up
authentically and work together to create positive social change.
Networking, workshops, events, and community gatherings can
achieve engagement, inspiration, and connection to advocate for
others in the workplace and at home. Multiple national studies
indicate that four out of five US-based employees are familiar
with or have participated in unconscious bias training. This
training, while being extremely valuable, is only the beginning.
International Allyship Day exists to enforce and encourage the
practice of allyship. Awareness without action does not move the
needle. Active and genuine allyship is about consistency and
continuously taking action despite biases to treat all others
equally and equitably. This holiday highlights now as the time to
tackle equity, as we can all challenge gender stereotypes, call
out discrimination, draw attention to devaluing behaviors, and
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August 8: International Infinity Day (Infinity Day): -- If you find yourself asking why celebrate this day, you're halfway there to celebrating! Today everyone has the opportunity to celebrate the number 8 in all its uniqueness! Whether you're a deep thinker, a question-box, or problem solver, we encourage you to celebrate #InternationalInfinityDay with a thirst for knowledge. The infinity symbol consists of a sideways number 8. Accordingly, International Infinity Day is celebreated each year on 8th day of the 8th month. International Infinity Day first came to light in 1987 by sidewalk New York philosopher Jean-Pierre Ady Fenyo. Jean-Pierre's goal to celebrate life through free-thinking by promoting art, philosophy, and science quickly spread rapidly across the globe. Since then, people continue to celebrate the freedom to think deeply and freely, respectively! In the words of Albert Einstein, "He (or She, or Shim) who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe, is as good as dead; his (her or shem's) eyes are closed." On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/pyspciofaneg.html |
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August 8: Dying To Know Day: -- Today is
all about fostering deep conversations about the one thing all
humans have in common - death. After reading a book called "Dying
To Know: Bringing Death To Life," an Australian organization
called The Groundswell Project decided to dedicate an entire day
to destigmatizing the topic of dying and educating others on how
to die in a way that stays true to themselves and their wishes.
The hope, on this holiday, is that we'll all accept and plan on
death so that we can live even better in the present moment. When
Andrew Anastasios published his quirky self-help book about death
and dying in 2010, he had no idea it would spark an entire
movement, several organizations, and a widely recognized holiday.
The Groundswell Project, which operates to this day in
Marrickville, New South Wales, took Anastasios's ideas about death
awareness, normalization, and literacy and decided to make August
8 Dying to Know Day, named after his book. The first D2KD, as it's
affectionately called by those in the death-education community,
hosted only 23 events in the Sydney, Australia area in 2013. Now,
there are over 300 gatherings, meetings, and events taking place
on August 8 in celebration of this idea. According to The
Groundswell Project and the D2KD USA organization, the practical
applications for destigmatizing the topic of death include writing
one's will and obituary, discussing end-of-life plans with loved
ones in the case of severe illness, disease, or injury, and even
making funeral arrangements. On D2KD, even the healthiest,
youngest, and furthest from dying are invited to allow themselves
to think about their inevitable end and determine how they'd like
to be laid to rest. Interestingly, Dying to Know Day is devoted
equally to the living and the dead. We are not only encouraged to
consider our own passing from life but also the already-completed
passing of our friends and family members. In addition to
end-of-life planning, D2KD is also about grief, bereavement, and
coping with loss. 364 days out of each year are spent avoiding
thoughts of death and dying and feeling unable to discuss such
subject matter publicly but, on August 8, the taboo is suspended
and people across the world are allowed to ask questions, have
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( #JCKaelin here: My brother Kevin and I
did this under a Waxing Moon one night in our Edison, New Jersey
backyard in 1976. A skunk joined us as we wrapped ourselves up
tight in our sleeping bags! Thankfully, he just sniffed us, and
didn't spray us, but it was a harrowing 15 minutes of fear and
laughter! :D ) ========= August 8: Global Sleep Under The Stars
Night: -- Whether it's in the backcountry or your own backyard,
one of the best ways to experience the beauty of the outdoors is
to spend a night under the stars. Gazing up at the night sky gives
us a sense of peace and, at the same time, an overwhelming sense
of awe. Let's do this! Make a day of it on August 8th. Set up camp
in your backyard, pitch a tent on the patio, bring blankets to the
rooftop, or lay your sleeping bags out on the back deck and turn
your gaze upward. The celebration lands in the middle of the
Perseid meteor showers! So, if you're in the Northern Hemisphere,
look northeast for the best view and count the shooting stars as
you fall into a peaceful sleep. Make it an annual tradition and
share your experiences using #SleepUnderTheStarsNight or
#EBUnderTheStars on social media. Founded in 2020, Global Sleep
Under The Stars is a unique way to encourage the world to
experience the beauty of the outdoors under the same night sky,
and also to celebrate the 100 Year Anniversary of the outdoor
brand, Eddie Bauer - who has been inspiring and enabling people to
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August 8: National CBD Day: -- This is a
day to celebrate and spread awareness about the usages and
capacities of cannabidiol, a hemp-based compound that is touted
for its ability to relieve pain and anxiety. It is also believed
to be effective for movement and cognition-based disorders. C.B.D.
is not just useful for humans; it is also known to be useful for
dogs, particularly dogs with epilepsy. While a lot of the benefits
of C.B.D. haven't been proved through clinical trials, anecdotal
evidence indicates that C.B.D. has a lot of benefits for people
and dogs alike. C.B.D. is a phytocannabinoid that can be
internally consumed by people and dogs without any adverse
effects. In fact, C.B.D. has gained popularity over recent years
because of the way it has seemed to help a lot of people with
myofascial pain and with mental illnesses like anxiety. C.B.D. can
be consumed in a lot of different forms. The most popular is
C.B.D. oil, where C.B.D. is the only active ingredient. Other
forms include C.B.D. dominant hemp-based oil, capsules, or
prescription solutions. C.B.D. can also be inhaled through
cannabis smoke or vapor, oral administration, or an aerosol spray
into the cheek. The high-quality evidence of the benefits of
C.B.D. for neurological disorders is limited. But anecdotally,
people with anxiety who have used C.B.D. have reported greater
clarity, a sense of calm, and a greater sense of control. C.B.D.
oil is also a popular alternative treatment for people suffering
from muscular pain or chronic pain conditions. While allopathic
painkillers and muscle relaxants come with adverse side effects
like constipation and lethargy, using limited quantities of C.B.D.
oil alleviates pain without too many side effects. This is not to
say that C.B.D. cannot have side effects; it should be used
carefully and moderately. The F.D.A.-approved epilepsy drug
Epidiolex is cannabidiol-based and has reported adverse effects
like lethargy, sleepiness, adverse effects on the appetite, and
gastrointestinal upset. Since C.B.D. does not possess any T.H.C.,
it is not possible to be intoxicated by it. Nevertheless, strong
controls are imposed, and all packaged C.B.D. must have less than
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August 8: National Dollar Day: -- This
observance marks an important event in the history of the United
States when the U.S. monetary system in 1786 was established on
August 8, 1786. In fact, in early 2021, the U.S. currency in
circulation amounted to 2.10T USD. The dollar is used as an
exchange and accepted in multiple countries besides the United
States. While the creator of National Dollar Day remains unknown,
this observance marks the day the U.S. monetary system was
established in 1786. It was on that day that they set the value of
various coins, how they would be made, etc. They even set the
value of gold at 10 USD apiece and silver at 1 USD apiece. Paper
money dollars are currently known as Federal Reserve Notes and
their designs were based on the Spanish dollar. In fact, the
single dollar bill has not been redesigned in more than 50 years
to prevent counterfeiting. The first paper dollar that was printed
in 1862, had Abraham Lincoln's Secretary of the Treasury, Salmon
P. Chase, printed on it. Later in 1869, George Washington first
appeared on the 1 USD bill. Interestingly, Crane & Company has
supplied paper for U.S. currency for hundreds of years. The dollar
is quite interesting and is decorated with signs and symbols. One
can find a tiny bird above the right number one on the face side
of the dollar. Furthermore, the pyramid on the back of the bill is
part of the Great Seal of the United States. The unfinished top
portrays a country that is growing and expanding. Opposite the
pyramid, there is an eagle which represents war and peace.
Additionally, one can even observe a constellation with 13 stars
and a shield with 13 stripes above the eagle's head. In current
times, the United States dollar is used in a plethora of
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August 8: ASEAN Day: -- August 8, 1967:
The Aftermath Of World War II: The Cold War: The Cold War: The
Cold War (1962-1979): The Cold War Era Of Stagnation (1964-1982):
The Cold War In Asia: The Cold War In Southeast Asia: Political
Unions: Supranational Unions: International Organizations
(Intergovernmental Organizations, International Institutions): The
Association Of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): The ASEAN
Declaration (The Bangkok Declaration): ASEAN Day: -- The
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is founded by five
non-communist countries during a period of Cold War tensions in
Southeast Asia -- Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore
and Thailand -- when their foreign ministers sign in Thailand'sa
capital city of Bangkok The ASEAN Declaration, commonly known as
The Bangkok Declaration, a signing now commemorated annually as
ASEAN Day throughout Southeast Asia. It formally established the
Association to promote regional cooperation in economic, social,
cultural, technical, and administrative fields, and to foster
regional peace and stability through adherence to the United
Nations Charter and the rule of law. The Declaration states the
basic principles of sovereign equality, non-interference, and
consensus-based decision-making (known as Musyawarah) among
members. Although conceived during the Cold War amid concerns over
communist expansion, its text notably omits any direct reference
to ideological or military alliances. ASEAN's primary goals were
to promote regional solidarity, political stability, and economic
development in a volatile geopolitical environment. Over the
following decades, ASEAN expanded to include eleven member states
and transformed from a loose alliance into a more
institutionalized regional organization. It became a key actor in
conflict mediation, economic integration, and multilateral
diplomacy, fostering dialogue among major powers. By 2008, ASEAN
had solidified its position as a central platform for regional
cooperation, structured around political-security, economic, and
socio-cultural pillars, and was formally recognized through the
adoption of a charter that granted the organization legal
personality. ASEAN primarily focuses on Southeast Asian economic
development, peaceful coexistence and adherence to international
norms. ASEAN operates on the principle of consensus and respecting
national sovereignty, meaning that ASEAN as a whole cannot force
another member state to change its domestic laws. ASEAN has a
population of more than 680 million people and a purchasing power
parity-adjusted gross domestic product (GDP) of around 6.3% global
GDP. ASEAN member states represent a diverse set of economies: the
least developed countries like Laos, to emerging economies like
Vietnam, to developed economies like Singapore. Many Southeast
Asian projects have originated from decentralised initiatives
between member states, such as the ASEAN Power Grid, ASEAN Free
Trade Area, ASEAN Integrated QR Code Payment System, or the mutual
ASEAN visa-free policies. Every two years, it organises a sporting
event to promote cultural exchange known as SEA Games. ASEAN has
strong ties with East Asian and South Asian countries. It has a
vested interest in the security of the South China Sea and the
greater Indo-Pacific region. In terms of diplomacy, ASEAN operates
on a principle of centrality, meaning that all concerns from other
countries or organisations about Southeast Asia should be routed
to ASEAN instead of individual states. All Southeast Asian
countries, many great powers, and international organisations have
dedicated diplomatic presence near ASEAN headquarters in Jakarta.
The roots of ASEAN came from the ASEAN Declaration signed by five
Southeast Asian countries in 1967. Originally, ASEAN was founded
to contain communism, but gradually ASEAN was reoriented to focus
on economic development and prevent foreign interference in
Southeast Asia as a whole. As ASEAN expanded and admitted other
countries, the member states eventually signed a binding ASEAN
Charter in 2008. As of 2026, ASEAN are currently dealing with many
threats, such as the worsening civil war in Myanmar, territorial
disputes in the South China Sea and managing US-China tensions.
Nevertheless, it is widely considered to be a successful example
of regional collaboration, and its emphasis on de facto standards
is seen as an opposite to the legal nature of the European Union.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Armada: Spanish Armada TV Series + Bonus MP4 Video Download DVD
August 8, 1588: The European Wars Of
Religion: The Eighty Years' War (The Dutch Revolt): The
Anglo-Spanish Wars: The Anglo-Spanish War (1585-1604): The Spanish
Armada (The Invincible Armada, The Enterprise Of England [Spanish:
Grande Y Felicisima Armada, "Great And Most Fortunate
Navy"]): The Battle Of Gravelines (1588): -- The naval
engagement ends, ending the Spanish Armada's attempt to invade
England. On July 31, 1588 the Spanish Armada was first spotted off
the coast of England; two days prior, July 29, 1588, The Battle Of
Gravelines first began, where English naval forces under the
command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake defeated the
Spanish Armada off the coast of Gravelines, France. The small port
of Gravelines was then part of Flanders in the Spanish
Netherlands, close to the border with France and the closest
Spanish territory to England. Medina Sidonia tried to re-form his
fleet there and was reluctant to sail further east knowing the
danger from the shoals off Flanders, from which his Dutch enemies
had removed the sea marks. The English had learned more of the
Armada's strengths and weaknesses during the skirmishes in the
English Channel and had concluded it was necessary to close within
100 yards (91 m) to penetrate the oak hulls of the Spanish ships.
They had spent most of their gunpowder in the first engagements
and had, after the Isle of Wight, been forced to conserve their
heavy shot and powder for a final attack near Gravelines. During
all the engagements, the Spanish heavy guns could not easily be
run in for reloading because of their close spacing and the
quantities of supplies stowed between decks, as Francis Drake had
discovered on capturing the damaged Rosario in the Channel.
Instead the gunners fired once and then jumped to the rigging to
attend to their main task as marines ready to board enemy ships,
as had been the practice in naval warfare at the time. In fact,
evidence from Armada wrecks in Ireland shows that much of the
fleet's ammunition was never spent. Their determination to fight
by boarding, rather than cannon fire at a distance, proved a
weakness for the Spanish; it had been effective on occasions such
as the battles of Lepanto and Ponta Delgada (1582), but the
English were aware of this strength and sought to avoid it by
keeping their distance. With its superior manoeuvrability, the
English fleet provoked Spanish fire while staying out of range.
The English then closed, firing repeated and damaging broadsides
into the enemy ships. This also enabled them to maintain a
position to windward so that the heeling Armada hulls were exposed
to damage below the water line. Many of the Spanish gunners were
killed or wounded by the English broadsides, and the task of
manning the cannon often fell to the regular foot soldiers on
board, who did not know how to operate the guns. The ships were
close enough for sailors on the upper decks of the English and
Spanish ships to exchange musket fire. After eight hours, the
English ships began to run out of ammunition, and some gunners
began loading objects such as chains into cannons. Around 4:00 pm,
the English fired their last shots and were forced to pull back.
Five Spanish ships were lost. The galleass San Lorenzo, flagship
of Don Hugo de Moncada, ran aground at Calais and was taken by
Howard after murderous fighting between the crew, the galley
slaves, the English who eventually killed all Spanish and slaves,
and the French, who ultimately took possession of the wreck. The
galleons San Mateo and San Felipe drifted away in a sinking
condition, ran aground on the island of Walcheren the next day,
and were taken by the Dutch. One carrack ran aground near
Blankenberge; another foundered. Many other Spanish ships were
severely damaged, especially the Portuguese and some Spanish
Atlantic-class galleons (including some Neapolitan galleys) which
had to bear the brunt of the fighting during the early hours of
the battle in desperate individual actions against groups of
English ships. The Spanish plan to join with Parma's army had been
defeated and the English had gained some breathing space, but the
Armada's presence in northern waters still posed a great threat to
England. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Richard Nixon MP3s Collection CD, MP3 Audio Download, USB Flash
Drive
August 8, 1974: Scandals: Political
Scandals: Political Scandals Of The United States: Richard Nixon:
The Presidency Of Richard Nixon: The Watergate Scandal: The
Presidential Resignation Of Richard Nixon: Addresses To The
Nation: Oval Office Addresses: The Oval Office Address Of August
8, 1974: The Presidential Resignation Speech Of Richard Nixon: --
President Richard Nixon, in an Oval Office address made nationwide
on television and radio, announces to the American public his
resignation from the office of the President of the United States
effective noon the next day. The purpose of the speech was for
Nixon, who had been intimately involved in the events surrounding
the Watergate scandal that occurred during his controversial
re-election campaign in 1972, to announce to the nation that he
was resigning from office. Watergate had cost Nixon much of his
political support, and at the time of his resignation, he faced
almost certain impeachment and removal from office. Nixon was the
ninth incumbent president not to complete the four-year term to
which they had been elected since the presidency was established
in 1789. He was however, the first to do so for a reason other
than dying in office. His presidential resignation remains the
only one in U.S. history. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Weapons Of Desert Shield + Bonus Persian Gulf War DVD MP4 Download
August 8, 1990: The Aftermath Of World
War II: The Cold War: The Gulf War (The Persian Gulf War, Gulf War
I): The Invasion Of Kuwait: Operation Desert Shield: -- The day
after President George Bush ordered a massive military buildup to
prevent further Iraqi military advances -- with the first American
soldiers being sent to Saudi Arabia that same day: 15,000 U.S.
troops, 32 destroyers and 100 helicopters and fighter planes --
Operation Desert Shield is launched. Soon after his conquest of
Kuwait, Saddam began verbally attacking the Saudis. He argued that
the US-supported Saudi state was an illegitimate and unworthy
guardian of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. He combined the
language of the Islamist groups that had recently fought in
Afghanistan with the rhetoric Iran had long used to attack the
Saudis. Acting on the Carter Doctrine's policy that the United
States would use military force, if necessary, to defend its
national interests in the Persian Gulf, and out of fear the Iraqi
Army could launch an invasion of Saudi Arabia, US President George
Bush quickly announced that the US would launch a "wholly
defensive" mission to prevent Iraq from invading Saudi Arabia
under the codename Operation Desert Shield. Operation Desert
Shield began on 7 August 1990 when US troops were sent to Saudi
Arabia due also to the request of its monarch, King Fahd, who had
earlier called for US military assistance. This "wholly
defensive" doctrine was quickly abandoned when, on 8 August,
Iraq declared Kuwait to be Iraq's 19th province and Saddam named
his cousin, Ali Hassan Al-Majid, as its military-governor. The US
Navy dispatched two naval battle groups built around the aircraft
carriers USS Dwight D. Eisenhower and USS Independence to the
Persian Gulf, where they were ready by 8 August. The US also sent
the battleships USS Missouri and USS Wisconsin to the region. A
total of 48 US Air Force F-15s from the 1st Fighter Wing at
Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, landed in Saudi Arabia, and
immediately commenced round the clock air patrols of the
Saudi-Kuwait-Iraq border to discourage further Iraqi military
advances. They were joined by 36 F-15 A-Ds from the 36th Tactical
Fighter Wing at Bitburg, Germany. The Bitburg contingent was based
at Al Kharj Air Base, approximately an hour south east of Riyadh.
The 36th TFW would be responsible for 11 confirmed Iraqi Air Force
aircraft shot down during the war. There were also two Air
National Guard units stationed at Al Kharj Air Base, the South
Carolina Air National Guard's 169th Fighter Wing flew bombing
missions with 24 F-16s flying 2,000 combat missions and dropping 4
million pounds of munitions, and the New York Air National Guard's
174th Fighter Wing from Syracuse flew 24 F-16s on bombing
missions. Military buildup continued from there, eventually
reaching 543,000 troops, twice the number used in the 2003
invasion of Iraq. Much of the material was airlifted or carried to
the staging areas via fast sealift ships, allowing a quick
buildup. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! On Sale
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
TV Music & Dance Shows #4 The Beatles DVD, Video Download,
Flash Drive
August 8, 1966: Aesthetics: The
Performing Arts: Music: Music History: The History Of Rock And
Roll (Rock & Roll, Rock-N-Roll, Rock 'N' Roll, Rock 'N Roll,
Rock N' Roll): British Rock And Roll (British Rock & Roll,
British Rock-N-Roll, British Rock 'N' Roll, British Rock 'N Roll,
British Rock N' Roll): The Swinging Sixties: Music Of The United
Kingdom: Rock And Roll (Rock & Roll, Rock-N-Roll, Rock 'N'
Roll, Rock 'N Roll, Rock N' Roll): Concerts: British Rock (Beat
Music, British Beat, Merseybeat): The Swinging Sixties: Music Of
The United Kingdom: Rock And Roll (Rock & Roll, Rock-N-Roll,
Rock 'N' Roll, Rock 'N Roll, Rock N' Roll): The British Invasion:
The Beatles: The "More Popular Than Jesus" Interview And
"It's A Lousy Country Where Anyone Black Is A Dirty Nigger"
Interviews: Ban The Beatles Campaigns: "Beatle Burnings":
The August 8, 1966 Beatle Burnings: -- In reaction to one of the
most consequential media distortions in popular music history
generally and Beatles history in particular -- the American teen
magazine Datebook publication of the infamous John Lennon "More
Popular Than Jesus" interview (along with the Paul McCartney
"It's [ie America] A Lousy Country Where Anyone Black Is A
Dirty Nigger!" interview), sparking a hostile backlash
against the Beatles throughout America generally and the American
South's "Bible Belt" particularly -- the radio stations
WAQY (1220 AM) (as of 1984 WAYE) in Birmingham, Alabama, and WAYX
(1230 AM) in Waycross, Georgia, respond by each holding a "Beatle
Burning", where records by The Beatles were burned. This
backlash began when two DJs at radio station WAQY, Tommy Charles
and Doug Layton, picked up on Datebook's out-of-context quote, and
vowing to never play the Beatles, they started a "Ban The
Beatles" campaign.that began on Monday, August 8, 1966. They
were jointed by WAYX, who announced as reported by UPI on the
Friday before the event that they too would hold their own Beatle
Burning at 8 p.m. that Monday and invited the public to join in.
Program director 'Happy' Howard Williamson and news director Butch
Guest said the station would burn all its Beatle records. They
said, "Everybody's behind us so far except for one call, and
that was some kid." Ultimately, 140 radio stations around the
country joined them in banning The Bealtles from their playlists.
Former Beatles press officer Derek Taylor referred to the
controversy in a prophetic late 1966 article for the Los Angeles
Times West: "I'm seriously worried about someone with a
rifle. After all, there's no Kennedy anymore; but you can always
shoot John Lennon." After the tour, the Beatles took a break
and reconvened in November 1966 to begin recording Sgt. Pepper's
Lonely Hearts Club Band, which was released to massive success in
June 1967. Lennon wished to include Jesus in the assortment of
figures featured on the album's cover, but this was not approved
due to their manager Brian Epstein advising against it. According
to a 1987 article by Mark Sullivan in the journal Popular Music, a
photo from WAYX's Beatles bonfire in Waycross, Georgia, which
shows a child presenting the Meet the Beatles! LP for burning,
became "probably the most famous photograph of the entire
anti-rock movement". According to Steve Turner, the episode
became "so much a part of history" that the words "More
popular than Jesus" are synonymous with the controversy.
========= The "More Popular Than Jesus" 1966 interview
heard John Lennon of the Beatles claim that the public's
infatuation with the band surpassed that of Jesus Christ, and that
Christian faith was declining to the point where it might be
outlasted by rock music. His opinions drew no controversy when
published in the Evening Standard in London, but ignited angry
reactions from Christian communities in the United States when
republished. The controversy deeply impacted the band,
contributing significantly to their decision to cease touring
entirely. It also resulted in Lennon apologised at a series of
press conferences, clarifying that he was not comparing himself to
Christ. Lennon's comments incited protests and threats,
particularly throughout the Bible Belt in the Southern United
States. Some radio stations stopped playing Beatles songs, records
were publicly burned, press conferences were cancelled, and the Ku
Klux Klan picketed concerts. The controversy coincided with the
band's 1966 US tour and overshadowed press coverage of their
newest album, Revolver, when it was released one week later on
August 5, 1966, and just over three weeks later on August 23,
1966, The Beatles second Shea Stadium concert, held a little over
a year after their first triumphant appearance there, did not sell
out, with 11,000 of the 55,600 tickets still available;
nonetheless, The Beatles made more money from their appearance
than they had in 1965, receiving 189K USD - 65 per cent of the
gross takings of 292K USD. George Martin remarked "Curiously
enough the second Shea Stadium concert had about 11,000 seats
unsold. So it was a pretty unsettling time. And it was against
this background that they said, 'Right, we definitely won't do any
more. We are going to have a break and then we are going into the
studio to make a record.'"; that record was Sgt. Pepper's
Lonely Hearts Club Band, widely considered one of if not the
greatest rock album of all time and by musicologists as an early
concept album that advanced the roles of sound composition,
extended form, psychedelic imagery, record sleeves, and popular
music production. The album had an immediate cross-generational
impact and was associated with numerous touchstones of the era's
youth culture, such as fashion, drugs, mysticism, and a sense of
optimism and empowerment. In 1980, Lennon was murdered by a
religious Beatles fan, Mark David Chapman, who sometimes stated
that Lennon's comment was a motivating factor in the killing. On
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
The Compleat Beatles Documentary Film DVD, MP4 Download, Flash
Drive
August 8, 1969: Aesthetics: The
Performing Arts: Music: Music History: The History Of Rock And
Roll (Rock & Roll, Rock-N-Roll, Rock 'N' Roll, Rock 'N Roll,
Rock N' Roll): British Rock And Roll (British Rock & Roll,
British Rock-N-Roll, British Rock 'N' Roll, British Rock 'N Roll,
British Rock N' Roll): The Swinging Sixties: British Rock (Beat
Music, British Beat, Merseybeat): The Swinging Sixties: British
Rock (Beat Music, British Beat, Merseybeat): The British Invasion:
The Beatles: Abbey Road, Let It Be And The Separation Of The
Beatles: -- The Beatles take their famous iconic cover photo for
the final album, Abbey Road, named for the street that the EMI
recording studio they recorded all their records at. Abbey Road,
the last recorded album by The Beatles, was released on September
26, 1969, the eleventh studio album by English rock band the
Beatles. The recording sessions for the album were the last in
which all four Beatles participated. Although Let It Be was the
final album that the Beatles completed before the band's
dissolution in April 1970, most of the album had been recorded
before the Abbey Road sessions began. A two-sided hit single from
the album, "Something" backed with "Come Together",
released in October, topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the US.
Abbey Road is a rock album that incorporates genres such as blues,
pop, and progressive rock, and it makes prominent use of the Moog
synthesizer and the Leslie speaker. Side two contains a medley of
song fragments edited together to form a single piece. The album
was recorded amid a more enjoyable atmosphere than the Get
Back/Let It Be sessions earlier in the year, but there were still
frequent disagreements within the band. John Lennon had privately
left the group by the time the album was released and McCartney
publicly quit the following year. Although Abbey Road was an
immediate commercial success and reached ?No.?1 in the UK and US,
it initially received mixed reviews, some critics describing its
music as inauthentic and bemoaning the production's artificial
effects. Many critics now view the album as the Beatles' best and
rank it as one of the greatest albums of all time. In particular,
George Harrison's contributions, "Something" and "Here
Comes the Sun", are considered to be among the best songs he
wrote for the group. The album's cover, which features the four
band members walking across a zebra crossing outside Abbey Road
Studios, has become one of the most famous and imitated images in
the history of popular music. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Combat At Sea Documentary Series + Bonus MP4 Video Download DVD
Set
August 8, 2000: The American Civil War
(The Civil War, The War Between The States): Naval Warfare Of The
American Civil War (Naval Battles Of The American Civil War): The
Raising Of The H. L. Hunley (Hunley, CSS H. L. Hunley, CSS
Hunley): -- Confederate submarine H.L. Hunley, the first submarine
to engage and sink a warship, is raised to the surface after 136
years on the ocean floor and 30 years after its discovery by
undersea explorer E. Lee Spence, just over 3.5 nautical miles (6.5
km) from Sullivan's Island outside the entrance to Charleston
Harbor. A large team of professionals from the Naval Historical
Center's Underwater Archaeology Branch, National Park Service, the
South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, and
various other individuals investigated the vessel, measuring and
documenting her prior to removal. Once the on-site investigation
was complete, harnesses were slipped underneath the sub and
attached to a truss designed by Oceaneering International. After
the last harness had been secured, the crane from the recovery
barge Karlissa B hoisted the submarine from the sea floor. She is
now on display in North Charleston, South Carolina, at the Warren
Lasch Conservation Center on the Cooper River. On February 17,
1864, CSS Hunley attacked and sank the 1,240-displacement ton
United States Navy screw steamship sloop-of-war USS Housatonic,
which had been on Union blockade-duty in Charleston's outer
harbor. Hunley did not survive the attack and also sank, taking
with her all eight members of her third crew, and was lost.
Examination of recovered Hunley artifacts suggests that the
submarine was as close as 20 feet from her target when her
deployed torpedo exploded, which caused the submarine's own loss.
H. L. Hunley, often referred to as Hunley, was a submarine of the
Confederate States of America that played a small part in the
American Civil War. Hunley demonstrated the advantages and the
dangers of undersea warfare. She was the first combat submarine to
sink a warship (USS Housatonic), although Hunley was not
completely submerged and, following her successful attack, was
lost along with her crew before she could return to base. The
Confederacy lost 21 crewmen in three sinkings of Hunley during her
short career. She was named for her inventor, Horace Lawson
Hunley, shortly after she was taken into government service under
the control of the Confederate States Army at Charleston, South
Carolina. Hunley, nearly 40 feet (12 m) long, was built at Mobile,
Alabama, and launched in July 1863. She was then shipped by rail
on August 12, 1863, to Charleston. Hunley (then referred to as the
"fish boat", the "fish torpedo boat", or the
"porpoise") sank on August 29, 1863, during a test run,
killing five members of her crew. She sank again on October 15,
1863, killing all eight of her second crew, including Horace
Hunley himself, who was aboard at the time, even though he was not
a member of the Confederate military. Both times Hunley was raised
and returned to service. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Benny Carter: Symphony In Riffs DVD, Video Download, USB Flash
Drive
August 8, 1907: #BOTD: #HBD! Benny
Carter, nicknamed "King", pioneer African American jazz
pioneer, trumpeter, saxophonist, clarinetist, composer, arranger
and bandleader (d. July 12,2003) is #born Bennett Lester Carter in
the Bronx, New York City, He was a major figure in jazz from the
1930s to the 1990s, and was recognized as such by other jazz
musicians. With Johnny Hodges, he was a pioneer on the alto
saxophone. From the beginning of his career in the 1920s he was a
popular arranger, having written charts for Fletcher Henderson's
big band that shaped the swing style. He had an unusually long
career that lasted into the 1990s. During the 1980s and 1990s, he
was nominated for eight Grammy Awards, which included receiving a
Lifetime Achievement Award. Benny Carter died at the age of 95 in
Los Angeles at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center on July 12, 2003 from
complications of bronchitis. His burial details are not publicly
disclosed. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Boarding House Blues 1948 Moms Mabley Dusty Fletcher MP4 Download
DVD
August 8, 1910: #BOTD: #HBD! Lucky
Millinder, African American swing and rhythm-and-blues bandleader
(d. September 28, 1966) is #born Lucius Venables in Anniston,
Alabama, United States. Although he could not read or write music,
did not play an instrument and rarely sang, Lucius Venable
Millinder's showmanship and musical taste made his bands
successful. His group was reputed to have been the greatest big
band to play rhythm and blues, and he gave work to a number of
musicians who later became influential at the dawn of the rock and
roll era. He was inducted into the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame in
1986. Lucky Millinder died of a liver ailment in Harlem, New York
at the age of 56. He is buried at Ferncliff Cemetery and Mausoleum
in Hartsdale, New York. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Music Documentaries II McCartney Holly Sting Police U2 DVD MP4 USB
August 8, 1961: #BOTD: #HBD! The Edge,
English-born Irish musician, singer, and songwriter, best known as
the co-founder, lead guitarist, keyboardist, and backing vocalist
of the rock band U2, is #born David Howell Evans at the Barking
Maternity Hospital in Barking, Essex, East London, England, the
second child of Garvin and Gwenda Evans, both from Llanelli,
Wales. A member of U2 since its inception, he has recorded 15
studio albums with them as well as one solo record. His
understated style of guitar playing, a signature of U2's music, is
distinguished by chiming timbres, use of rhythmic delay, drone
notes, harmonics, and an extensive use of effects units. Raised in
Ireland, the Edge formed the band that would become U2 with his
classmates at Mount Temple Comprehensive School and his elder
brother Dik in 1976. Inspired by the ethos of punk rock and its
basic arrangements, the group began to write its own material.
They eventually became one of the most successful acts in popular
music, with albums such as 1987's The Joshua Tree and 1991's
Achtung Baby. Over the years, the Edge has experimented with
various guitar effects and introduced influences from several
genres of music into his own style, including American roots
music, industrial music, and alternative rock. With U2, the Edge
has also played keyboards, produced their records Zooropa (1993)
and Songs of Surrender (2023), and occasionally served as
co-lyricist. The Edge met his second wife, Morleigh Steinberg,
through her collaborations with the band. As a member of U2 and as
an individual, the Edge has campaigned for human rights and
philanthropic causes. He co-founded Music Rising, a charity to
support musicians affected by Hurricane Katrina. He has
collaborated with U2 bandmate Bono on several projects, including
songs for Roy Orbison, Tina Turner, and Martin Garrix, and the
soundtracks to the musical Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark and the
Royal Shakespeare Company's London stage adaptation of A Clockwork
Orange. As a member of U2, the Edge has won 22 Grammy Awards and
has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Several
music publications have ranked the Edge among the greatest
guitarists of all time. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Clive James' Fame In The 20th Century TV Series DVD Set MP4 USB
Drive
August 8, 1937: #BOTD: #HBD! Dustin
Hoffman, American actor and director, is #born Dustin Lee Hoffman
in Los Angeles, California, the younger of two sons of the
Ashkenazi Jewish immigrant parents Harry Hoffman (1908-1987),
surname originally spelled Goikhman, from Kyiv, Ukraine (then a
part of the Russian Empire) and Lillian (nee Gold; 1909-1982) from
Iasi, Romania. Dustin Hoffman was named after stage and silent
screen actor Dustin Farnum. He has an elder brother Ronald, who is
a lawyer and economist. As one of the key actors in the formation
of New Hollywood, Dustin Hoffman is known for his versatile
portrayals of antiheroes and emotionally vulnerable characters. He
is the recipient of numerous accolades including two Academy
Awards, four BAFTA Awards, five Golden Globe Awards, and two
Primetime Emmy Awards. Hoffman has received numerous honors
including the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1997, the AFI Life
Achievement Award in 1999, and the Kennedy Center Honors Award in
2012. Actor Robert De Niro described him as "an actor with
the everyman's face who embodied the heartbreakingly human".
Hoffman studied at the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music before he
decided to go into acting, for which he trained at the Pasadena
Playhouse. He received two Academy Awards for Best Actor for
Kramer vs. Kramer (1979), and Rain Man (1988). His other
Oscar-nominated roles were for The Graduate (1967), Midnight
Cowboy (1969), Lenny (1975), Tootsie (1982), and Wag the Dog
(1997). Other notable roles include in Little Big Man (1970),
Papillon (1973), Marathon Man (1976), All the President's Men
(1976), Ishtar (1987), Dick Tracy (1990), and Hook (1991). In the
21st century, Hoffman has appeared in films such as Finding
Neverland (2004), I Heart Huckabees (2004), and Stranger than
Fiction (2006), as well as Meet the Fockers (2004) and the sequel
Little Fockers (2010), and The Meyerowitz Stories (2017). Hoffman
has done voice work for The Tale of Despereaux (2008) and the Kung
Fu Panda film series (2008-2016). In 2012, he made his directorial
debut with Quartet. Hoffman made his Broadway debut in the 1961
play A Cook for Mr. General. He subsequently starred as Willy
Loman in the 1984 revival of Death of a Salesman and reprised the
role a year later in a television film earning a Primetime Emmy
Award for Outstanding Actor in a Limited Series or Movie. In 1989
he received a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play nomination for
his role as Shylock in The Merchant of Venice. He received three
Drama Desk Awards for his performances in Eh? (1967), Jimmy Shine
(1969) and Death of A Salesman (1984). On Sale Until Midnight
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Mahatma Mohandas Gandhi Documentaries DVD MP4 Download USB Drive
August 8, 1942: India: The History Of
India: The British Raj (Crown Rule In India, Direct Rule In India,
India, The Indian Empire): The Indian Independence Movement: The
Quit India Movement (The India August Movement): The Quit India
Speech (The Do Or Die Speech): -- The Quit India Movement is
launched in India against the British rule in response to Mohandas
Gandhi's Quit India Speech, a call at the Bombay session of the
All-India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi for Swaraj (Hindi:
swa- "self", raj "rule"). The Cripps Mission,
an attempt in late March 1942 by Sir Stafford Cripps, leader of
the British House Of Commons to secure full Indian cooperation and
support for their efforts in World War II, had failed. On August
8th 1942, Gandhi made a call To Do Or Die in his Quit India Speech
delivered at the Gowalia Tank Maidan park in Bombay, since renamed
August Kranti Maidan (August Revolution Ground). He called for
determined, but passive resistance that signified the certitude
that Gandhi foresaw for the movement, best described by his call
To Do Or Die. The All-India Congress Committee launched a mass
protest demanding what Gandhi called "An Orderly British
Withdrawal" from India. Even though it was wartime, the
British were prepared to act. Almost the entire leadership of the
Indian National Congress was imprisoned without trial within hours
of Gandhi's speech. Most spent the rest of the war in prison and
out of contact with the masses. The British had the support of the
Viceroy's Council (which had a majority of Indians), of the All
India Muslim League, the princely states, the Indian Imperial
Police, the British Indian Army and the Indian Civil Service. Many
Indian businessmen profiting from heavy wartime spending did not
support the Quit India Movement. Many students paid more attention
to Subhas Chandra Bose, who was in exile and supporting the Axis
Powers. The only outside support came from the Americans, as
President Franklin D. Roosevelt pressured Prime Minister Winston
Churchill to give in to some of the Indian demands. The Quit India
campaign was effectively crushed. The British refused to grant
immediate independence, saying it could happen only after the war
had ended. Sporadic small-scale violence took place around the
country and the British arrested tens of thousands of leaders,
keeping them imprisoned until 1945. In terms of immediate
objectives, Quit India failed because of heavy-handed suppression,
weak co-ordination and the lack of a clear-cut programme of
action. However, the British government realized that India was
ungovernable in the long run due to the cost of World War II, and
the question for postwar became how to exit gracefully and
peacefully. In 1992 Reserve Bank of India issued a 1 rupee
commemorative coin to mark the Golden Jubilee of the Quit India
Movement. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Lighter Than Air: Airships & Inflatable Planes DVD, MP4, USB
Drive
August 8, 1709: Aviation: The History Of
Aviation: Lighter Than Air Aviation (Lighter-Than-Air-Aviation):
The History Of Ballooning: The Airship Of Bartolomeu De Gusmao: --
Portuguese priest, naturalist and native of Colonial Brazil,
Bartolomeu De Gusmao ("GOOZ-moh"), pioneer of
lighter-than-air aerostat design, being among the first scholars
at that time to understand the operational principles of the hot
air balloon and to build a functional prototype of such device,
demonstrates the lifting power of hot air in an audience before
the king of Portugal in Lisbon, Portugal. In 1709 he presented a
petition to King John V of Portugal, seeking royal favour for his
invention of an airship, in which he expressed the greatest
confidence. Also known as The Magnanimous and The Portuguese Sun
King, Dom John V was a monarch of the House of Braganza who ruled
as King of Portugal and the Algarves during the first half of the
18th century. John V's reign saw the rise of the prestige of
Portugal and its monarchy, which had been in decline among
European courts, to a new level of prosperity and wealth. The
contents of Gusmao's petition to King John V have been preserved,
together with a picture and description of his airship. Developing
the ideas of Italian Jesuit priest, mathematician, naturalist and
aeronautics pioneer Francesco Lana de Terzi, Gusmao wanted to
spread a huge sail over a boat-like body like the cover of a
transport wagon; the boat itself was to contain tubes through
which, when there was no wind, air would be blown into the sail by
means of bellows. The vessel was to be propelled by the agency of
magnets which were to be encased in two hollow metal balls. The
public test of the machine, which was set for June 24, 1709, did
not take place. It is known that Gusmao was working on this
principle at the public exhibition he gave before the Court on
August 8, 1709, in the hall of the Casa da India in Lisbon, when
he propelled a ball to the roof by combustion. The king rewarded
the inventor by appointing him to a professorship at Coimbra and
made him a canon. He was also one of the fifty selected as members
of the Academia Real de Historia, founded in 1720; and in 1722 he
was made chaplain to the Court. Gusmao also busied himself with
other inventions, but in the meantime continued his work on his
airship schemes, the idea for which he is said to have conceived
while a novice at Bahia. His designs included a ship to sail in
the air consisting of a triangular gas-filled pyramid, but he died
without making progress. One account of Gusmao's work suggests
that the Portuguese Inquisition forbade him to continue his
aeronautic investigations and persecuted him because of them, but
this is probably a later invention. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Frontiers Of Flight Aviation History TV Series DVD, MP4, USB Drive
August 8, 1908: Aviation: The History Of
Aviation: Aviation In The Pioneer Era: The Wright Brothers: The
First Official Public Flight Of The Wright Brothers (Wilbur
Wright's 1908 Le Mans Wright Model A Flight): --Wilbur Wright
pilots the Wright Brothers' first public flight, flying their
Wright Model A flyer at the Hunaudieres horse racing track at Le
Mans, France. Prior to this flight, many in the French
aeronautical community working on creating a successful winged
aircraft simply did not believe that the Wrights had indeed
created a bona fide flying machine, as they themselves had only
managed short, largely uncontrollable hops into the air; many of
these doubters were outright hostile to the Wrights, believing
them to be liars and poseurs. The brothers had contracts with the
U.S. Army and a French syndicate which depended on successful
public flight demonstrations that met certain conditions. The
brothers had to divide their efforts: Orville would fly near
Washington, DC., while Wilbur sailed for Europe, where he was
called by some French newspapers a "bluffeur". Within
moments of Wilbur's 1 minute 45 second flight, the clear evidence
of the Wright Flyer's sustained and controllable flight, his
ability to effortlessly make banking turns and fly a circle,
stunned and amazed onlookers, including several pioneer French
aviators, among them French aviation pioneer Louis Bleriot,
turning these doubters and detractors instantly into enthusiastic
believers and supporters. In the following days, Wilbur made a
series of technically challenging flights, including
figure-eights, demonstrating his skills as a pilot and the
capability of his flying machine, which far surpassed those of all
other pioneering aircraft and pilots of the day. The French public
was thrilled by Wilbur's feats and flocked to the field by the
thousands, and the Wright brothers instantly became world-famous.
Former doubters issued apologies and effusive praise. L'Aerophile
editor Georges Besancon wrote that the flights "have
completely dissipated all doubts. Not one of the former detractors
of the Wrights dare question, today, the previous experiments of
the men who were truly the first to fly ..." Leading French
aviation promoter Ernest Archdeacon wrote, "For a long time,
the Wright brothers have been accused in Europe of bluff ... They
are today hallowed in France, and I feel an intense pleasure ...
to make amends." Wilbur's flights did much to drive the
French aviation industry forward, an impetus that was to see
France take a leading role in aviation design and production. On
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Reaching For The Skies Documentary TV Series DVD, Download, USB
Drive
August 8, 1929: Aviation: The History Of
Aviation: Lighter Than Air Aviation (Lighter-Than-Air-Aviation):
The History Of Ballooning: The History Of Airships (The History Of
Dirigibles, The History Of Dirigible Balloons): The History Of
Rigid Airships: Zeppelins: The LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin: Aviation
Firsts: Circumnavigation: Circumnavigation Of The Earth: Aerial
Circumnavigation Of The Earth: -- The German airship LZ 127 Graf
Zeppelin begins history's first round-the-world flight. At the
behest of American newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst,
whose media empire was the major commercial backer of the project
with four staffers among the flight's nine passengers, the Graf's
"Round-the-World" (Weltrundfahrt 1929) flight in August
1929 officially began and ended at Lakehurst Naval Air Station in
New Jersey. As with many of the airship's other flights, however,
its expenses were also heavily offset by the carriage of souvenir
mail to and/or from Lakehurst, Friedrichshafen, Tokyo, and Los
Angeles. A U.S. franked letter flown on the whole trip from
Lakehurst to Lakehurst, for instance, required 3.55 usd in postage
or the equivalent of roughly 45 USD in 2017 if based on the
Consumer price index. The 200K USD Hearst paid for exclusive media
rights would currently be the equivalent of 2.5M USD if figured on
the same basis. As with the Graf Zeppelin's October 1928 flight to
New York, Hearst correspondent Lady Grace Drummond-Hay was on
board, making her the first woman to circumnavigate the globe by
air. Also representing Hearst among the passenger complement were
the correspondent Karl von Wiegand, the Australian explorer Hubert
Wilkins, and the photographer and newsreel cameraman Robert
Hartmann. The U.S. Government was represented by the naval
airshipmen Lt. Commander Charles Rosendahl and Lieutenant Jack C.
Richardson, who flew as official observers. The Graf Zeppelin flew
back across the Atlantic to Friedrichshafen to refuel before
continuing across Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, and the
vastness of Siberia to Tokyo (Kasumigaura Naval Air Station) on a
101-hour-49-minute nonstop leg covering 7,297 miles (11,743 km).
Although the Soviet government had formally requested by radio to
the "Graf Zeppelin" for the airship to overfly its
capital, Moscow, Dr. Eckener declined because of the necessity "to
take advantage of the tailwinds and remain on the straight airline
without deviation or halt" necessary in order to reach Tokyo
nonstop, a decision which resulted in considerable disappointment
and annoyance on the part of the Soviets. (To make amends for this
perceived slight, a year later the "Graf Zeppelin" made
a special two-day round trip flight from Friedrichshafen to Moscow
on 9-10 September 1930 landing briefly to collect souvenir mail at
Moscow's "October Field" where it was greeted by a crowd
of some 100,000 people. Crossing the inadequately mapped Stanovoy
Mountains in Siberia proved to be a precarious venture with the
Graf Zeppelin eventually being forced to climb to 6,000 feet in
order to clear the range through a high mountain canyon with
barely 150 feet to spare. After five days in Tokyo, the Graf
Zeppelin continued across the Pacific to California crossing the
coast at San Francisco before landing at Mines Field in Los
Angeles thus completing the first ever nonstop flight of any kind
across the Pacific Ocean, covering 5,986 miles (9,634 km) in 79
hours and 54 minutes. The 4,822 km (2,996 mi; 2,604 nmi),
51-hour-13-minute transcontinental flight across the United States
took the Graf Zeppelin over 13 states and such cities as El Paso,
Kansas City, Chicago, Cleveland, and Detroit before arriving back
at Lakehurst from the west on the morning of 29 August, three
weeks after it had departed to the east on 8 August. Flying time
for the four Lakehurst to Lakehurst legs was 12 days, 12 hours,
and 13 minutes while the entire circumnavigation (including stops)
took 21 days, 5 hours, and 31 minutes and covered 33,234 km
(20,651 mi; 17,945 nmi). It was at the time the fastest
circumnavigation of the globe. Germany issued a special
commemorative silver 3RM coin in 1930 in recognition of the Graf
Zeppelin's historic flight. Dr. Eckener's personal accomplishment
received acclaim as well when he became just the tenth recipient
and third aviator in 42 years to be awarded the Gold Medal of the
National Geographic Society, which was presented to him on 27
March 1930 before a crowd of 5,000 at the Washington Auditorium in
Washington, DC. The citation read that Eckener received the award
"for his work in furthering the progress of airships, and to
commemorate the first around-the-world flight of the Graf
Zeppelin." Before returning to Germany Eckener also met with
President Herbert Hoover as well as the US Postmaster General whom
he successfully lobbied for a special three stamp issue (C-13, 14
and 15) for use on mail to be carried on the Europe-PanAmerican
Flight scheduled to leave Germany seven weeks later in mid-May. On
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
The Good Old Time TV Theme Song MP3 CD, Audio Download, USB Drive
August 8, 1930: #BOTD: #HBD! Terry
Nation, Welsh-American author and screenwriter (d. March 9, 1997)
is #born Terence Joseph Nation in Llandaff, Cardiff, Wales.
Especially known for his work in British television science
fiction, he created the Daleks and Davros for Doctor Who, as well
as the series Survivors and Blake's 7. Nation first made his name
as a comedy writer before becoming a prolific writer for drama,
working on many of the most popular British series of the 1960s
and 1970s such as The Avengers, The Baron, The Champions,
Department S, The Persuaders! and The Saint. When Nation was
commissioned to write The Daleks (1963) for Doctor Who, the
villainous eponymous creatures established the series' early
popularity. He later devised the recurring character of Davros in
Genesis of the Daleks (1975). His series Survivors and Blake's 7
have been described as "much-loved cult TV classics".
Terry Nation died from emphysema in Los Angeles, aged 66. His
burial details are not publicly disclosed. Shortly before his
death, he had been collaborating with actor Paul Darrow on another
attempt to revive Blake's 7. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
The Great War 1918: US In WWI DVD, Video Download, USB Flash Drive
August 8, 1918: The European Civil War:
World War I: The First European War (The European Theater Of World
War I): The Western Front Of World War I: The Hundred Days
Offensive (The Grand Offensive): The Battle Of Amiens (1918) (The
Third Battle of Picardy [French: 3eme Bataille De Picardie]): -- A
string of almost continuous Allied victories with a push through
the German front lines that became known as the Hundred Days
Offensive begins with The Battle Of Amiens, ultimately leading to
the end of the First World War. Allied forces advanced over 11
kilometres (7 mi) on the first day, one of the greatest advances
of the war, with Henry Rawlinson's British Fourth Army playing the
decisive role. The battle is also notable for its effects on both
sides' morale and the large number of surrendering German forces.
This led Erich Ludendorff to describe the first day of the battle
as "the black day of the German Army". Amiens was one of
the first major battles involving armoured warfare and marked the
end of trench warfare on the Western Front; fighting becoming
mobile once again until the armistice was signed on November 11,
1918. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Operation Barbarossa: Nazi Invasion Of Russia + Bonus MP4 Download
DVD
August 8, 1940: The European Civil War:
World War II: The Second European War (The European Theater Of
World War II): The Eastern Front Of World War II: The Great
Patriotic War (The German-Soviet War): Operation Barbarossa: The
"Aufbau Ost" (German: "Buildup In The East")
Directive: -- The day after Adolf Hitler ordered Walter Warlimont,
Deputy Chief of Alfred Jodl, to determine the positions of Soviet
troops in the East in preparation of The Aufbau Directive, the
German operational code name for the mobilisation of forces before
the start of Operation Barbarossa and the subsequent invasion of
the Soviet Union which would occur ten months later, Wilhelm
Keitel signs the directive, stating that due to the threat of
British air attack on Eastern Germany, it was necessary to use the
eastern territories for drawing and preparing new units. In
compliance with the directive, the building organization of Fritz
Todt started equipping the battleground while the rear organs
managed the logistical support in the East. Meanwhile,
preparations for adjusting the Soviet rail gauge to match the
Western European were taking place. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Holocaust Films Documentary Collection DVD, Video Download, USB
Drive
August 8, 1938: The History Of The Jews
In Germany: The European Civil War: World War II: The Second
European War (The European Theater Of World War II): The Holocaust
(Shoah): The Holocaust In Austria: Mauthausen Concentration Camp:
-- Roughly 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Linz, Upper Austria, on a
hill above the market town of Mauthausen, Mauthausen Concentration
Camp begins operations, the main camp of a group with nearly 100
further subcamps located throughout Austria and southern Germany.
The three Gusen concentration camps in and around the village of
St Georgen/Gusen, just a few kilometres from Mauthausen, held a
significant proportion of prisoners within the camp complex, at
times exceeding the number of prisoners at the Mauthausen main
camp. The Mauthausen main camp operated from 8 August 1938,
several months after the German annexation of Austria, to 5 May
1945, when it was liberated by the United States Army. Starting
with the camp at Mauthausen, the number of subcamps expanded over
time. In January 1945, the camps contained roughly 85,000 inmates.
As at other Nazi concentration camps, the inmates at Mauthausen
and its subcamps were forced to work as slave labour, under
conditions that caused many deaths. Mauthausen and its subcamps
included quarries, munitions factories, mines, arms factories and
plants assembling Me 262 fighter aircraft. The conditions at
Mauthausen were even more severe than at most other Nazi
concentration camps. Half of the 190,000 inmates died at
Mauthausen or its subcamps. Mauthausen was one of the first
massive concentration camp complexes in Nazi Germany, and the last
to be liberated by the Allies. The Mauthausen main camp is now a
museum. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
From Nuremberg To Nuremberg 2 Part WWII TV Series DVD MP4 USB
Drive
August 8, 1945: The Aftermath Of World
War II: The Aftermath Of The European Civil War: World War II: The
Second European War (The European Theater Of World War II): The
Holocaust (Shoah): The Nuremberg Trials: The London Charter (The
Nuremberg Charter): -- The European Advisory Commission issues a
decree that set down the laws, rules and procedures by which the
Nuremberg Trials were to be conducted, and is signed by France,
the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States. The
Charter of the International Military Tribunal - Annex to the
Agreement for the prosecution and punishment of the major war
criminals of the European Axis (usually referred to as the
Nuremberg Charter or London Charter) stipulated that crimes of the
European Axis Powers could be tried. Three categories of crimes
were defined: crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against
humanity. Article 8 of the charter also stated that holding an
official position was no defense to war crimes. Obedience to
orders could only be considered in mitigation of punishment if the
Tribunal determined that justice so required. The criminal
procedure used by the Tribunal was closer to civil law than to
common law, with a trial before a panel of judges rather than a
jury trial and with wide allowance for hearsay evidence.
Defendants who were found guilty could appeal the verdict to the
Allied Control Council. In addition, they would be permitted to
present evidence in their defense and to cross-examine witnesses.
The Charter was developed by the European Advisory Commission
under the authority of the Moscow Declaration: Statement on
Atrocities, which was agreed at the Moscow Conference (1943). It
was drawn up in London, following the surrender of Germany on VE
Day. It was drafted by Robert H. Jackson, Robert Falco, and Iona
Nikitchenko of the European Advisory Commission and issued on 8
August 1945. The Charter and its definition of crimes against
peace was also the basis of the Finnish law, approved by the
Finnish parliament on 11 September 1945, that enabled the
war-responsibility trials in Finland. The agreement enabled the
prosecution and punishment of the major war criminals of the
European Axis. The Agreement and Charter were subsequently
ratified by 19 other Allied states. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Summer Of The Bomb: Why US Really Nuked Japan DVD, Download, USB
Drive
August 8, 1945: World War II: The Pacific
War (The Asia-Pacific War, The Pacific Theater Of World War II):
China: The History Of China: The Century Of Humiliation (The
Hundred Years Of National Humiliation) (1838-1945): The
Sino-Japanese Wars: The Second Sino-Japanese War (The War Of
Resistance Against Japanese Aggression): The Soviet-Japanese War
(August 8 - September 2, 1945): -- At 11 pm Trans-Baikal time,
Soviet foreign minister Molotov informs Japanese ambassador Sato
that the Soviet Union had declared war on Japan, and that from
August 9 the Soviet Government would consider itself to be at war
with Japan. At one minute past midnight Trans-Baikal time on
August 9, 1945, the Soviets commenced the Manchurian Strategic
Offensive Operation (a name that refers more to the Soviet
Invasion Of Manchuria than to the whole war), with invasions
occurring simultaneously on three fronts to the east, west and
north of Manchuria. Though the battle extended beyond the borders
traditionally known as Manchuria - that is, the traditional lands
of the Manchus - the coordinated and integrated invasions of
Japan's northern territories has also been called the Battle of
Manchuria. Since 1983, the operation has sometimes been called
Operation August Storm, after American Army historian
Lieutenant-Colonel David Glantz used this title for a paper on the
subject. The operation was subdivided into smaller operational and
tactical parts: 1) Khingan-Mukden Offensive Operation (August 9,
1945 - September 2, 1945); 2) Harbin-Kirin Offensive Operation
(August 9, 1945 - September 2, 1945); 3) Sungari Offensive
Operation (August 9, 1945 - September 2, 1945); and subsequently
4) South Sakhalin Operation (August 11, 1945 - August 25, 1945),
also known as The Invasion of South Sakhalin and The Battle of
Sakhalin, consisting of a) the Soviet assault on Maoka, and b) the
Soviet assault on Toro; 5) Seisin Landing Operation (August 13,
1945 - August 16, 1945); and 6) Kuril Landing Operation (August
18, 1945 - September 1, 1945). On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
War Props: The Convair B-36 Peacemaker DVD, MP4 Download, USB
Drive
August 8, 1946: Aviation: The History Of
Aviation: The History Of Military Aviation: Maiden Flights: --
First flight of the Convair B-36 "Peacemaker", the
world's first mass-produced nuclear weapon delivery vehicle, the
heaviest mass-produced piston-engined aircraft ever built, with
the longest wingspan of any military aircraft at 230 feet, and
with a range of 10,000 mi and a maximum payload of 87,200 lbs. The
B-36 was the first aircraft capable of intercontinental flight
without refuelling. It was operated solely by the United States
Air Force (USAF) from 1949 to 1959. The B-36 was the first bomber
capable of delivering any of the nuclear weapons in the U.S.
arsenal from inside its four bomb bays without aircraft
modifications. Entering service in 1948, the B-36 was the primary
nuclear weapons delivery vehicle of Strategic Air Command (SAC)
until it was replaced by the jet-powered Boeing B-52
Stratofortress beginning in 1955. All but five examples were
scrapped. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
The Mexican Revolution 1910-1920 DVD, Video Download, USB Drive
August 8, 1879: #BOTD: #HBD! Emiliano
Zapata, Mexican general and politician, leading figure in the
Mexican Revolution, the main leader of the peasant revolution in
the state of Morelos, founder of the Liberation Army of the South
(ELS) commonly known as the Zapatistas, and the inspiration of the
agrarian movement called Zapatismo (d. April 10, 1919) is #born
Emiliano Zapata Salazar in the rural village of Anenecuilco,
Morelos, Mexico, where peasant communities were under increasing
pressure from the small landowning class who monopolized land and
water resources for sugar cane production with the support of
dictator Porfirio Diaz. Zapata early on participated in political
movements against Diaz and the landowning hacendados, and when the
Revolution broke out in 1910 he was positioned as a central leader
of the peasant revolt in Morelos. Cooperating with a number of
other peasant leaders he formed the Liberation Army of the South,
of which he soon became the undisputed leader. Zapata's forces
contributed to the fall of Diaz, defeating the Federal Army in the
Battle of Cuautla, but when the revolutionary leader Francisco I.
Madero became president he disavowed the role of the Zapatistas,
denouncing them as simple bandits. In November 1911, Zapata
promulgated the Plan de Ayala which called for substantial land
reforms, redistributing lands to the peasants. Madero sent the
Federal Army to root out the Zapatistas in Morelos. Madero's
generals employed a scorched earth policy, burning villages and
forcibly removing their inhabitants, and drafting many men into
the Army or sending them to forced labor camps in southern Mexico.
This strengthened Zapata's standing among the peasants, and Zapata
was able to drive the forces of Madero led by Victoriano Huerta
out of Morelos. In a coup against Madero in February 1913, Huerta
took power in Mexico, but a coalition of Constitutionalist forces
in northern Mexico led by Venustiano Carranza, Alvaro Obregon and
Francisco "Pancho" Villa ousted him in July 1914 with
the support of Zapata's troops. Zapata did not recognize the
authority that Carranza asserted as leader of the revolutionary
movement, continuing his adherence to the Plan de Ayala. In the
aftermath of the revolutionaries' victory over Huerta, they
attempted to sort out power relations in the Convention of
Aguascalientes. Zapata and Villa broke with Carranza, and Mexico
descended into civil war among the winners. Dismayed with the
alliance with Villa, Zapata focused his energies on rebuilding
society in Morelos which he now controlled, instituting the land
reforms of the Plan de Ayala. As Carranza consolidated his power
and defeated Villa in 1915, Zapata initiated guerrilla warfare
against the Carrancistas, who in turn invaded Morelos, employing
once again scorched-earth tactics to oust the Zapatista rebels.
Zapata once again retook Morelos in 1917 and held most of the
state against Carranza's troops until he was killed in an ambush
in April 10, 1919 by government forces in Morelos. He was
double-crossed by Col. Jesus Guajardo, who pretended to defect
from the command of Gen. Pablo Gonzalez over to Zapata's side, in
order to trick Zapata into a brutal ambush by Gonzalez's forces as
Zapata went to meet Guajardo at the Hacienda de San Juan in
Chinameca as Zapata went to meet Guajardo. He is buried at The
Monumento A Emiliano Zapata in Cuautla Morelos, Cuautla
Municipality, Morelos, Mexico. After his death, Zapatista generals
aligned with Obregon against Carranza and helped drive Carranza
from power. Article 27 of the 1917 Mexican Constitution was
drafted in response to Zapata's agrarian demands. In 1920,
Zapatistas managed to obtain powerful posts in the governance of
Morelos after Carranza's fall. They instituted many of the land
reforms envisioned by Zapata in Morelos. On Sale Until Midnight
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Robert E. Lee Documentaries DVD, MP4 Video Dowload, USB Flash
Drive
August 8, 1863: The American Civil War
(The Civil War, The War Between The States): The Eastern Theater
Of The American Civil War: The Gettysburg Campaign: The Battle Of
Gettysburg: The Aftermath Of The Battle Of Gettysburg: Robert E.
Lee's Resignation Letter: -- Just over a month after his defeat in
the Battle Of Gettysburg, General Robert E. Lee sends a letter of
resignation to Confederate President Jefferson Davis. Davis
refused the resignation upon receipt. The immediate reaction of
the Southern military and public sectors to the Confederate defeat
at Gettysburg that it was a setback, not a disaster, and in fact,
a Confederate victory. The sentiment was that Lee had been
successful on July 1 and had fought a valiant battle on July 2-3,
but could not dislodge the Union Army from the strong defensive
position to which it fled. The Confederates successfully stood
their ground on July 4 and withdrew only after they realized Meade
would not attack them. The withdrawal to the Potomac that could
have been a disaster was handled masterfully. Furthermore, The
Army Of The Potomac had been kept away from Virginia farmlands for
the summer and all predicted that Meade would be too timid to
threaten them for the rest of the year. Lee himself had a positive
view of the campaign, writing to his wife that the army had
returned "rather sooner than I had originally contemplated,
but having accomplished what I proposed on leaving the
Rappahannock, viz., relieving the Valley of the presence of the
enemy and drawing his Army north of the Potomac." He was
quoted as saying to Maj. John Seddon, brother of the Confederate
secretary of war, "Sir, we did whip them at Gettysburg, and
it will be seen for the next six months that that army will be as
quiet as a sucking dove." Some Southern publications, such as
the Charleston Mercury, criticized Lee's actions in the campaign
and on August 8, he offered his resignation to President Davis,
who quickly rejected it. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Charles Manson: A Documentary History DVD, MP4 Download, USB Drive
August 8-10, 1969: Crime: Crime In The
United States: Charles Manson: The Manson Family (The Family):
Charles Manson And The Manson Family: The Helter Skelter Scenario:
The Manson Family Murders: The Tate-LaBianca Murders: -- #DOTD:
#RIP: On August 8-9, 1969, followers led by Charles Manson murder
pregnant actress Sharon Tate (wife of Roman Polanski), coffee
heiress Abigail Folger, Polish actor Wojciech Frykowski, men's
hairstylist Jay Sebring and recent high-school graduate Steven
Parent. The day after those murders, August 9-10, 1969, members of
Manson's cult killed Leno and Rosemary LaBianca. Charles Manson
went on trial for these murders on June 15, 1970. Charles Milles
Manson (born Charles Milles Maddox, November 12, 1934 - November
19, 2017) was an American convicted mass murderer and former cult
leader who led what became known as the Manson Family, a
quasi-commune that arose in California in the late 1960s. Manson's
followers committed a series of nine murders at four locations in
July and August 1969. In 1971 he was found guilty of first-degree
murder and conspiracy to commit murder for the deaths of seven
people: most notably of the actress Sharon Tate: all of which were
carried out by members of the group at his instruction. Manson
also received first-degree murder convictions for two other
deaths. Manson was originally sentenced to death, but his sentence
was commuted to life imprisonment when California invalidated the
state's death penalty statute in 1972. He is currently serving
multiple life sentences at California State Prison in Corcoran.
Manson believed in what he called "Helter Skelter", a
term he took from the Beatles song of the same name. Manson
believed Helter Skelter to be an impending apocalyptic race war,
which he described in his own version of the lyrics to the Beatles
song. He believed the murders would help precipitate that war.
From the beginning of his notoriety, a pop culture arose around
him in which he ultimately became an emblem of insanity, violence
and the macabre. At the time the Family began to form, Manson was
an unemployed former convict, who had spent half of his life in
correctional institutions for a variety of offenses. Before the
murders, he was a singer-songwriter on the fringe of the Los
Angeles music industry, chiefly through a chance association with
Dennis Wilson, drummer and founding member of the Beach Boys.
After Manson was charged with the crimes of which he was later
convicted, recordings of songs written and performed by him were
released commercially. Various musicians have covered some of his
songs, including Guns N' Roses, Marilyn Manson, Crispin Glover and
GG Allin. On Sale Until Midnight Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Milton Berle On Hollywood Palace (1969) DVD, Video Download, USB
Drive
August 8, 1938: #BOTD: #HBD! Connie
Stevens, American actress, singer, businesswoman and beauty, is
#born Concetta Rosalie Ann Ingolia in the Brooklyn, New York City,
the daughter of musician Peter Ingolia (known as Teddy Stevens)
and singer Eleanor McGinley, a family of Italian, Irish,
German-Jewish and Polish-Jewish descent. She was sent to live with
family friends in rural Missouri after she witnessed a murder in
the city. In 1953, at age 15, Stevens relocated with her father to
Los Angeles, California. She began her career in 1957, making her
feature film debut in Young and Dangerous, before releasing her
debut album, Concetta, the following year. She subsequently had a
supporting role in the musical comedy Rock-A-Bye Baby (1958)
opposite Jerry Lewis, followed by the drama film The Party
Crashers (also 1958) opposite Frances Farmer. Stevens gained
widespread recognition for her portrayal of "Cricket"
Blake on the network television series Hawaiian Eye, beginning in
1959. She garnered concurrent musical success when her single
"Sixteen Reasons" became a radio hit, peaking at number
3 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and the UK Singles Chart in 1960.
Stevens in 1966 starred in the Broadway production of Neil Simon's
The Star-Spangled Girl with Anthony Perkins and Richard Benjamin.
While she continued to appear in television series such as ABC
Stage 67, Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In, and Love, American Style,
Stevens enjoyed performing live, so in 1968 she also began
appearing regularly in nightclubs in Las Vegas, where her shows
were well received by both audiences and entertainment critics.
Stevens continued to appear in film and television throughout the
1970s and 1980s, as well as performing as a musical nightclub act.
Stevens' later film roles include in the comedy Tapeheads (1988)
and the drama Love Is All There Is (1996). In 2009, Stevens made
her directorial debut with the feature film Saving Grace B. Jones,
which she also wrote and produced, based partly on elements of her
own childhood. Stevens developed her own cosmetic skin care
product line, Forever Spring, and in the 1990s opened the Connie
Stevens Garden Sanctuary Day Spa in Los Angeles. On Sale Until
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% (Or More!) Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Stars And Stripes: Hollywood And World War II DVD, Download, USB
Drive
August 8, 1921: #BOTD: #HBD! Esther
Williams, American swimmer, actress, businesswoman and beauty (d.
June 6, 2013) is #born Esther Jane Williams in Inglewood,
California, Esther Williams set multiple national and regional
swimming records in her late teens as part of the Los Angeles
Athletic Club swim team. Unable to compete in the 1940 Summer
Olympics because of the outbreak of World War II, she joined Billy
Rose's Aquacade, where she took on the role vacated by Eleanor
Holm after the show's move from New York City to San Francisco.
While in the city, she spent five months swimming alongside
Olympic gold medal winner and Tarzan star Johnny Weissmuller.
Williams caught the attention of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer scouts at the
Aquacade. After appearing in several small roles, alongside Mickey
Rooney in an Andy Hardy film, and future five-time co-star Van
Johnson in A Guy Named Joe, Williams made a series of films in the
1940s and early 1950s known as "aquamusicals," which
featured elaborate performances with synchronised swimming and
diving.From 1945 to 1949, Williams had at least one film listed
among the 20 highest-grossing films of the year. In 1952, Williams
appeared in her only biographical role, as Australian swimming
star Annette Kellerman in Million Dollar Mermaid, which went on to
become her nickname while at MGM. Williams left MGM in 1956 and
appeared in a handful of unsuccessful feature films, followed by
several extremely popular water-themed network television
specials, including one from Cypress Gardens, Florida. Williams
was also a successful businesswoman. Even before retiring as an
actress, she invested in a "service station, a metal products
plant, a manufacturer of bathing suits, various properties and a
successful restaurant chain known as Trails." She lent her
name to a line of swimming pools and retro swimwear, instructional
swimming videos for children, and served as a commentator for
synchronized swimming at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.
Esther Williams died in her sleep from natural causes in her Los
Angeles home at the age of 91. Her remains were cremated, and her
ashes were scattered in the Pacific Ocean. On Sale Until Midnight
Tonight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: TV
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